Each cell inside a battery consists of a liquid, paste or solid "electrolyte," a "positive electrode," and a "negative electrode." The electrolyte is an ionic conductor; one of the electrodes reacts, producing electrons, while the other accepts electrons. When the electrodes are connected to a device to be powered (called a load) an electrical current flows. ("Battery," 2007)
As an example, in one cell of a lead-acid battery used in automobiles, the process producing the current takes place as follows:
One plate inside the cell is made of lead; the other plate is made of lead dioxide, and it contains a strong sulfuric acid electrolyte in which both plates are immersed.
Lead combines with SO4 to create lead sulfate (PbSO4) plus one electron.
Lead dioxide, hydrogen ions and SO4 ions, plus electrons from the lead plate, create PbSO4 and water on the lead dioxide plate.
As the battery discharges, both plates build up PbSO4 (lead sulfate), and water builds up in the acid. (Brain, 2007)
The reaction can be reversed by applying current to...
Battery Park City Battery Park: Faux apple Battery Park City, according to author and New York City resident Phillip Lopate, is internationally celebrated as a success, as "a model of waterfront development (Lopate 29). However, it has also been called "a broken promise" (Rogers 2005). "The broken promise to use excess Battery Park City revenues for affordable housing was made in 1989 and has been a bone of contention ever since" (Rogers
It was used by Michael Faraday in the 1800s in his experiments on electromagnetism. Other inventors improved on the battery's original design and these improvements produced telegraphs and doorbells. Napoleon Bonaparte was so impressed with the invention that he recommended honors for Volta, including making him a count in 1810 (CIRL, Rubin, Scratch, Corrosion Doctors). From this first and crude battery evolved electrochemistry, electromagnetism, and modern applications of electricity (CIRL,
Unless this protocol acquires a mainstream application, it is likely that it will never be put to extensive use. Applications Wireless technologies are becoming incredibly common. Convenience-conscious consumers like the lack of wires, although they dislike short battery lives and unexplainable hardware failures caused by jammed radio frequencies. Bandwidth is a primary consideration where wireless protocols are concerned. The upcoming 802.11n, capable of actual throughput rates of over 200Mb/s, is capable of
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